Solasia Pharma 4597
ソレイジア・ファーマ
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Summary
Solasia Pharma is a biotech venture that in-licenses development and sales rights for new drugs developed in the US and Europe to commercialize them in Japan and other parts of Asia.
Biotechnology
Key dates
2017-10-31
Coverage initiation
Executive summary
Biotech venture that conducts clinical development and commercialization in Asia by in-licensing new assets from the US, Europe, and other areas
Solasia Pharma K.K. is a biotech venture that in-licenses development and sales rights for new drugs developed in the US and Europe to commercialize them in Japan and other parts of Asia. It sources new drug candidates that have low risk of development being halted, then conducts clinical trials and obtains approval, mainly in Japan and China. It monetizes these drugs using a hybrid business model: through a combination of sales via its own medical representatives (MRs) in some territories, and out-licensing sales rights to pharmaceutical companies in tandem with development in other territories. Led by President Yoshihiro Arai, who has experience with clinical development at international pharmaceutical companies, the company’s management team selects drugs based on clinical need and perceived development risk. The company then accelerates their clinical development, using development staff with extensive experience at large Japanese and international pharmaceutical companies. The company launched its pipeline product for the first time in May 2018.
Solasia Pharma focuses on oncology. This is mainly for two reasons. First, despite cancer being the leading cause of mortality in Japan and China, with the number of cases trending upward, a full range of treatments is not available. Second, even in the case where there is a first-line treatment available, new drugs can secure a market presence if they can offer increased efficacy when used in combination therapy. The company also focuses on the area of supportive care (drugs and medical devices that reduce side effects of cancer treatments and boost the cure rate by helping cancer treatments progress as planned). An unmet medical need exists in supportive care because cancer treatment has strong side effects, and if these side effects cannot be controlled, treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy will be halted, and subsequent treatment cannot be continued.
Within the drug value chain, Solasia Pharma focuses on clinical development. The company does not conduct basic research or manufacturing, and typically out-licenses sales rights to pharmaceutical companies. That said, it plans to keep the rights to conduct sales in the three major Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) to add value. These three cities have a concentration of cancer patients who are looking for advanced medical treatment, and by focusing on oncology, Solasia Pharma has concluded it can conduct sales activities efficiently with relatively few resources.
Solasia Pharma was established by Itochu Corporation (TSE1: 8001) and a large US biotech venture capital, MPM Capital, with a focus on drug lag (when efficacious drugs are sold in the West but not yet approved for sale in Japan). A preparatory company was set up in the US in December 2006. Operations began in Japan in September 2007, with the Japanese company established in April 2008. Initially named JapanBridge, Inc., Solasia Pharma’s original intent was to source new drugs from the US and Europe to develop and sell in Japan. The company later extended its horizons to China and other Asian countries, and changed the company name to include “asia.”
In September 2017, Solasia Pharma signed a distribution agreement with Itochu, its largest shareholder, aimed at securing a distribution network of its products within China. Itochu Group is already developing drug distribution related businesses with several Chinese companies.
Trends and outlook
Solasia Pharma currently has five drugs in its development pipeline. Sancuso® (development code: SP-01) is used to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, using a transdermal system for delivering 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. In July 2018, the company obtained approval for SP-01 in China, and in March 2019 SP-01 became the first of the company’s products to launch in China. SP-02 (darinaparsin) is a low-molecular-weight organoarsenic compound with a new mechanism of action (MOA) that induces cancer cell apoptosis via the mitochondria (organelles that produce energy) within cancer cells. Global Phase II clinical trials (pivotal study) for SP-02 in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong came to a close, and in June 2021 the company applied for marketing approval of the drug in Japan ahead of the rest of the world. The target indication is peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a type of hematologic cancer with few available therapies. A pipeline product, episil® (SP-03) is an oral fluid for reducing pain from oral mucositis caused by cancer chemotherapy. In July 2017, Solasia Pharma obtained manufacturing and sales approval for SP-03 in Japan as a medical device. It was listed on the National Health Insurance (NHI) reimbursement price list in April 2018, and launched in May the same year. SP-03 also obtained approval in China in February 2019, and was launched in July the same year. In September 2020, it was launched in South Korea after receiving approval in October 2019. SP-04 (PledOx®), which was in-licensed from PledPharma AB of Sweden in November 2017, is indicated for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN). Phase I clinical trials of the drug in Japanese subjects closed in February 2018, and global Phase III clinical trials of SP-04 which started in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong at the end of 2018 concluded early in Q3 2020. Preliminary statistical analysis of the results showed that primary endpoints were not met. In May 2021, the company evaluated its comprehensive development policy of SP-04 based on the results of analysis of the secondary endpoints of the global Phase III studies, and put on hold the development of SP-04 for oxaliplatin (platinum antitumor agent)-induced peripheral neuropathy. To explore feasibility of clinical development of SP-04 in patients with taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy, the company decided to conduct additional animal studies. In August 2020, Solasia Pharma in-licensed SP-05 (arfolitixorin), its fifth pipeline product. The company has exclusive development and sales rights for SP-05 in Japan and has taken over global Phase III clinical trials in colorectal cancer patients in Japan.
Solasia Pharma posted FY12/20 revenue of JPY454mn (-65.3% YoY), an operating loss of JPY4.1bn (JPY1.8bn loss in FY12/19), and a loss of JPY4.1bn (JPY1.9bn loss in FY12/19). The JPY454mn in revenue included product sales of Sancuso® (SP-01) and episil® (SP-03). The company recorded an upfront payment for out-licensing exclusive sales rights for SP-04 in Japan in FY12/19, but the out-licensing agreement for SP-02 planned in FY12/20 was postponed to FY12/21 or later. R&D expenses increased 69.4% YoY to JPY1.9bn to fund Phase II clinical trials (final study) of SP-02 and Phase III clinical trials (final study) of SP-04, while SG&A expenses increased 30.2% YoY to JPY2.4bn as a result of booking an impairment charge on intangible assets for pipeline product SP-04 totaling JPY800mn in light of Phase III clinical trial results. Accordingly, the operating loss was JPY4.1bn.
Solasia Pharma revised its forecast for FY12/21 that was in range format to specific figures on November 10, 2021, when announcing Q3 results. The revised forecast is revenue of JPY600mn and operating loss, pre-tax loss, and loss of JPY2.5bn. The company’s revenue forecast assumes contributions from episil® (SP-03) launched in Japan in FY12/18, as well as episil® and Sancuso® (SP-01) launched in China and episil® launched in South Korea in FY12/19 or later. This forecast reflects that these products have not been on the market for long and accordingly yet to develop adequate brand recognition versus the company’s assumption of business scale, and that sales are likely to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It also assumes upfront payments for out-licensing SP-02 in Japan. Along with the earnings forecast revision, the company also revised down its operating expense estimate from JPY4.4bn to JPY3.1bn. In terms of costs and expenses, the company expects to book cost of revenue, investment in marketing activities, and intangible asset amortization for Sancuso® (SP-01) and episil® (SP-03), as well as operating expenses for preparations to file for drug approval of SP-02, Phase III clinical trials of SP-05, and development of new drug candidates.
Solasia Pharma does not release a medium-term business plan with numerical targets. The company aims to expand its development pipeline, focusing on drug candidates with a high probability of success. Solasia Pharma also plans to pursue marketing activities and management at its organization in China, as well as building strong sales partnerships. Important events to watch for include sales plans, including sales of Sancuso® and episil® using the company’s own sales structure in China, approval filing for SP-02 after the closure of the global Phase II clinical trials (application filed in June 2021), progress of Phase III clinical trials of SP-05, news of out-licensing the rights to pipeline products under development, and in-licensing of new pipeline products. (See the “Trends and outlook” section.)
Strengths and weaknesses
Shared Research sees Solasia Pharma’s three core strengths as extensive experience and networks held by the management and development team; a hybrid business model (a combination of selling on its own and out-licensing sales rights) focusing on clinical development, which allows the company to monetize in-licensed drugs early on with limited risks; and a development pipeline focused on oncology, which has high unmet medical needs.
We believe Solasia Pharma’s three weaknesses to be a business structure dependent on the underlying expertise of the management team rather than brands or propriety business processes; a certain degree of dependence on drug sales in China in the near future, which is expected to see volatile healthcare reforms and has some geopolitical risks; and the outlook of limited market penetration for products in the initial stages post-launch. (See the “Strengths and weaknesses” section.)
Key financial data
Note: Figures in the table may differ from company data due to differences in rounding methods.
Note: The company adopted IFRS in FY12/14.
Note: Shares issued refers to common stock. Multiple types of preferred stock existed previously, but these were all converted to common stock in November 2016.
Recent updates
Announcement concerning FDA Fast Track Designation for arfolitixorin (SP-05)
Solasia Pharma K.K. made an announcement concerning FDA Fast Track Designation for arfolitixorin (SP-05).
On the same day, Solasia announced that Isofol Medical AB (STO: ISOFOL), licensor and joint development partner for the drug candidate SP-05 (arfolitixorin), had disclosed the receipt of Fast Track Designation* from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for arfolitixorin as a treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
In December 2018, Isofol began global Phase III clinical trials in the US, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Japan. After in-licensing SP-05 in August 2020, Solasia has taken over the clinical trials in Japan and is developing the product in partnership with Isofol.
Fast Track Designation by the FDA will have no direct impact on development in Japan, but because the Phase III study currently under way is being conducted within the framework of the global clinical trial, Solasia believes the designation will help to validate SP-05's potential. The company does not expect this news to have any effect on FY12/21 earnings.
Revision to full-year earnings forecast, status of development pipeline
On November 10, 2021, Solasia Pharma K.K. announced a revision to its full-year earnings forecast.
(https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4597/tdnet/2045018/00.pdf)
On the same day, the company announced the status of its development pipeline.
(https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4597/tdnet/2045020/00.pdf)
Change in domestic sales partner for SP-02; signing of domestic license agreement with Nippon Kayaku
Solasia Pharma K.K. announced a change in its domestic sales partner for pipeline drug SP-02.
（https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4597/tdnet/2035143/00.pdf）
The company announced that it entered into a license agreement for the novel compound darinaparsin (development code: SP-02) with Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., granting the latter marketing rights to the drug in Japan.
（https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4597/tdnet/2035141/00.pdf）
On the same day, the company announced that its license agreement with Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd. for the development and marketing rights to SP-02 (generic name: darinaparsin) in Japan came to an end, and that it newly signed a license agreement with Nippon Kayaku, granting the latter commercialization rights (exclusive marketing rights) to SP-02 in Japan. With this, the company had changed its domestic sales partner for SP-02. The agreement with Nippon Kayaku is effective from the agreement signing date to the latter of the SP-02-related patent expiration date or the end of re-examination (marketing exclusivity) period for SP-02. However, the agreement may be renewed for a set period of time if two parties agree.
SP-02 is a drug candidate Solasia has been developing as a treatment for relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The company submitted an application for marketing approval of SP-02 to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in June 2021, and expects to obtain approval and launch the drug during 2022. Under the terms of the agreement, Nippon Kayaku will sell the drug in Japan after its launch.
Upon signing the agreement, Solasia will receive up to JPY7.7bn from Nippon Kayaku in the forms of an upfront payment and milestone payments in accordance with progress in development and sales of SP-02. Further, the company will earn revenue from manufacturing and supplying SP-02 to Nippon Kayaku for the drug's sale in Japan. The company said that it would book the upfront payment in FY12/21, but since the booking of the payment is expected to have only a marginal impact on its earnings, it made no change to its earnings forecast announced on February 10, 2021. Please see the company press release for further details.
Trends and outlook
Quarterly trends and results
Note: Figures in the table may differ from company data due to differences in rounding methods.
Note: The company adopted IFRS from FY12/14.
Q3 FY12/21 results (out November 10, 2021)
Earnings summary
Cumulative Q3 FY12/21 (January–September 2021) results
Revenue: Mainly came from product sales of Sancuso® and episil®.
R&D spending: JPY822mn (-18.0% YoY); mainly development costs for SP-02 Phase II clinical trials (pivotal study) and SP-05 Phase III clinical trials (pivotal study), as well as costs related to marketing approval filing
SG&A expenses: JPY1.4bn (+26.0% YoY), up JPY281mn YoY, mainly reflecting a JPY122mn increase in personnel expenses.
Capitalization of intangible assets: Intangible assets increased by JPY160mn in Q3 FY12/21 as development costs were recognized as assets among development pipeline investment outlays
Amortization of intangible fixed assets: The company had JPY329mn in amortization expenses in Q3 FY12/21. It began amortizing intangible assets related to Chinese business for episil® (SP-03) with the start of product shipments (sales) in June 2019. Amortization of intangible assets related to the Japanese business for the same product and intangible assets related to Sancuso® began in FY12/18.
Progress with R&D pipeline
Progress toward commercialization of pipeline products
Total pipeline investment: JPY982mn comprising a JPY160mn increase in intangible assets and JPY822mn in R&D expenses
Major development progress as of November 10, 2021 when Q3 FY12/21 results were announced
SP-01 (Sancuso®): Transdermal antiemetic drug (company holds rights in China and other regions)
China: On sale since March 2019. In June 2019, SP-01 was recommended in the “Guidelines of prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by antitumor therapies” published by the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO). In October 2021, it was added to the drug purchase list of Guandong, China, where the company conducts in-house sales.
SP-02 (darinaparsin): Anti-cancer agent with a novel mechanism of action (planned indication: recurrent or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma)
The company has global rights to SP-02, which is out-licensed to Nippon Kayaku in Japan and HB Human Bio Science in Latin America.
Japan: The primary endpoint was achieved in Phase II clinical trials in June 2020, and the company applied for marketing approval in June 2021. In October 2021, the company concluded an out-licensing agreement with Nippon Kayaku, aiming for approval in Japan and starting sales in 2022.
Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: The company plans to apply for marketing approval to the regulatory authorities of each country/region after concluding out-licensing agreements for the marketing rights to the drug.
Expansion of indications: Non-clinical studies underway for other hematologic cancers (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [ATLL] and acute myeloid leukemia [AML])
SP-03 (episil®): Locally applied wound covering/protective hydrogel material (indicated for pain associated with oral mucositis)
The company holds rights to SP-03 in Japan, China (including Hong Kong and Macau), and South Korea.
Japan: Listed on the NHI reimbursement price list in April 2018, launched by Meiji Seika Pharma in May 2018.
China: Obtained approval in February 2019, launched in July 2019. In May 2021, SP-03 was recommended as a new treatment option in the “Clinical guidelines of prevention and treatment of acute oral mucositis caused by antitumor therapies” published by the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO).
South Korea: Obtained approval in October 2019, launched by Synex in September 2020
SP-04 (PledOx®): Intracellular superoxide removing agent (planned indication: cancer chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy)
The company has rights to SP-04 in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao, and has out-licensed marketing rights in Japan to Maruho Co., Ltd.
Japan and other regions: The company closed Phase III clinical trials early in Q3 2020, and announced that primary endpoints were not met in December 2020. The company halted the development of SP-04 for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy; instead, it is conducting additional animal studies with the aim of developing the product for taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy.
SP-05 (arfolitixorin): Increases antitumor efficacy of fluorouracil
Japan: In-licensed exclusive rights to develop SP-05, and currently conducting a Phase III clinical trial. Patient enrollment for the trial completed in May 2021.
Europe and other regions: Global Phase III study in patients with advanced colorectal cancer underway in Japan, the US, Canada, Europe, and Australia. In March 2021, target enrollment was set at 440 based on interim analysis results (enrollment of 440 patients had already been completed in December 2020). The company plans to announce topline results in 1H 2022 and apply for approval in 2H.
New drug candidates: Drug discovery business utilizing RNA editing technology (gene therapy), a drug candidate for the treatment of peritoneal metastases (nucleic acid drug)
Full-year FY12/21 company forecasts
Note: Figures in the table may differ from company data due to differences in rounding methods.
Full-year FY12/21 company forecast (announced November 10, 2021)
In FY12/21 Solasia Pharma forecasts revenue of JPY600mn and operating loss, pre-tax loss, and loss of JPY2.5bn. The company factored in a certain degree of impact from the COVID-19 pandemic in these earnings estimates and changed its forecast from a range format to specific figures at the time of the Q3 results announcement.
The company’s revenue forecast assumes contributions from episil® (SP-03) launched in Japan in FY12/18, as well as episil® and Sancuso® (SP-01) launched in China, and episil® launched in South Korea in FY12/19 or later. It also assumes upfront payment revenue from out-licensing SP-02 in Japan. Medical institution closures and restrictions on sales activities are continuing in China amid the COVID-19 pandemic, which has impacted on the company's product sales revenue for a longer-than-expected period. Since Sancuso® was added to Guandong's drug purchase list in October 2021, the company expects it will be increasingly prescribed by hospitals in the city. As well, episil® (SP-03) was included in the CSCO's clinical guidelines, which will likely lift the product's sales in China.
For costs and expenses, the company expects cost of revenue, investment in marketing activities, intangible asset amortization for Sancuso® (SP-01) and episil® (SP-03), as well as operating expenses for preparations to file for drug approval of SP-02 (scheduled for completion by June 2021), Phase III clinical trials of SP-05, and development of new drug candidates. The company expected these expenses to total JPY4.4bn, but lowered its forecast to JPY3.1bn by cutting back on some investment in light of recent earnings performance.
SP-02 is being developed for the indication of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), a type of hematologic cancer. Phase II (pivotal) study results were released in June 2020. The primary endpoint of “anti-tumor effect” was achieved, and with this, the company filed with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for regulatory approval for marketing of SP-02 as an anti-cancer agent (darinaparsin) in June 2021. The company expect to begin sales of the drug in 2022 after receiving approval from the authorities. In October 2021, the company changed its sales partner in Japan from Meiji Seika Pharma to Nippon Kayaku. The company has global rights to SP-02, and is in negotiations for out-licensing the drug in regions outside Japan and South America, where it already has out-licensed the drug. However, it changed its projections for concluding out-licensing agreements and receiving upfront payments from end-FY12/21 to end-FY12/22, because potential licensees prefer to sign after the pipeline product has been approved in Japan.
Shared Research thinks that market interest in SP-02 is high, as the drug has a unique mechanism of action, and that out-licensing agreements may have a value of several billion yen to about ten billion yen. The company said it was conducting joint development with universities to investigate the possibility of expanding target indications for the drug. Once the company files for approval of SP-02 for the treatment of PTCL, Shared Research expects the company to start making preparations to develop the drug in China as well as for additional indications.
In September 2020, the company decided to close early the Phase III clinical trials for SP-04 targeting chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, including in Europe and the US, reducing the enrollment plan from the initial 700 to 592 patients. On December 15, 2020, the company released the preliminary results of the studies, which failed to achieve the primary endpoints. In May 2021, the company put on hold the development of SP-04 for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy after a comprehensive evaluation of its development policy based on the analysis of the secondary endpoints. To explore feasibility of clinical development of SP-04 for the treatment of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy, the company decided to conduct additional animal studies.
In August 2020, the company acquired exclusive rights to develop and commercialize SP-05 in Japan. The licensor, Isofol, was already conducting global Phase III clinical trials in Japan, and Solasia Pharma took over development and commercialization in Japan. Patient enrollment reached 440 in December 2020. In March 2021, the results of the interim analysis on data of 330 patients were announced. Based on the results of this interim analysis, an independent data safety monitoring board (DSMB) recommended on March 22, 2022 that the Phase III clinical trial for SP-05 should continue with a target sample size of 440 patients. In May 2021, patient enrollment was completed for the target figure, including 56 patients in Japan. The company plans to announced topline data in 1H FY12/22, and changed the timing of concluding out-licensing agreements and receiving upfront payments from end-FY12/21 to end-FY12/22, because potential licensees prefer to confirm topline data from Phase III clinical trials before signing.
Medium-term outlook
In FY12/18, the company launched in Japan SP-03 (episil® oral liquid), the first of its pipeline products to be launched. In FY12/19, it launched Sancuso® and episil® in China (in March and July 2019, respectively), and the resulting revenue is thought to be the key to the company’s future earnings. Also worth watching are SP-02 , for which the company filed for approval following the completion of the final phase of clinical trials, ongoing Phase III studies of SP-05, out-licensing activities for pipeline products, and in-licensing of new pipeline products to follow SP-05.
Medium-term management issues: Progress in the development pipeline and appropriate management of the Chinese business
Solasia Pharma does not release financial targets under a mid-term business plan. It is a venture company with limited management resources and although episil® was launched in Japan in May 2018 and Sancuso® was launched in China in March 2019, half of the current pipeline is in the development stage and probability of development success is a top priority for the company in pursuing business strategies. Solasia Pharma is working to commercialize the products currently in its pipeline, maintain a sales structure for its operations in China, strengthen organizational and internal controls, and secure the funds necessary for smooth business operations.
The progress of Solasia Pharma’s business activities can be understood with news regarding sales of Sancuso® and episil® in China, approval filing for SP-02, progress in clinical trials of SP-05, and out-licensing of pipeline products (for the latest progress of the development pipeline, see the Quarterly trends and results section or the Business model section).
Episil® oral liquid (SP-03), a medical device for alleviating pain of oral mucositis caused by cancer chemotherapy launched in three countries
Solasia Pharma out-licensed sales rights for the medical device SP-03 in Japan to Meiji Seika Pharma. The company provides SP-03 to the licensee, and accordingly has booked product sales and royalty revenues. Episil® oral liquid was listed in the National Health Insurance (NHI) reimbursement price list in April 2018 with the reimbursement price of JPY752/ml (JPY766/ml as of October 2019; episil® oral liquid is prescribed in 10ml bottles), and launched in May 2018.
Outside of Japan, it was approved in China in February 2019 and launched in July 2019. The company signed a distribution agreement with Itochu Corp., the buyer from an accounting perspective, and established sales channels leveraging Itochu group’s resources. The company is conducting sales promotion activities in cities where it has established a sales infrastructure: Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Outside these cities, Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited, with whom the company concluded a sales license agreement, sells SP-03 in China.
In March 2019, the company filed for approval of episil® oral liquid in South Korea, to follow earlier approvals in Japan and China, and approval was granted in October the same year. In September 2020, Synex, the licensee in South Korea, launched the product.
Oral mucositis occurs in 30–40% of patients treated with anti-cancer agents* and in nearly 100% of patients treated for head and neck cancers (undergoing combination therapy of radiation and anti-cancer agents). The company estimates the number of target oral mucositis patients in Japan at over 150,000 and about 800,000 in China.
Promoted SP-02, an anti-cancer agent with a new MOA that directly acts on cancer cell mitochondria
Patient enrollment was completed in September 2019 for global Phase II clinical trials (conducted in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) on SP-02, Solasia Pharma’s new anti-cancer drug candidate, and results of this study were released in June 2020. The company is filed for its approval as an anti-cancer agent (darinaparsin) in June 2021, as the trial met the primary endpoint (antitumor efficacy). The company plans to submit marketing approval applications to regulatory authorities in Japan and other countries by end-1H 2021. It has global rights to SP-02, and is in negotiations for out-licensing the drug in regions outside Japan and South America, where it already has out-licensed the drug.
The indication is for relapsed or refractory PTCL, for which there are few patients and no standard therapy has been established, so the company applied for manufacture and marketing approval on the basis of research data (mainly Phase II trial results). With a view to extending its use to other applications beyond PTCL, the company is conducting non-clinical studies for the indications of other hematologic cancers such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the US among other countries. Also, the company is preparing to initiate clinical trials in China. We plan to keep an eye on future development and sales plans for SP-02.
Thanks to its unique mechanism of action, SP-02 may be effective in treating cancers other than PTCL. Because of its potential efficacy against other cancers, the company stated that the market is already paying attention to the drug even before the release of clinical trial results. The company, which holds global development and marketing rights of the drug, concluded an out-licensing agreement with Meiji Seika Pharma regarding the rights in Japan. In August 2018, it concluded a second out-licensing agreement with an aim of commercializing the drug with HB Human BioScience SAS regarding the rights in Latin America (Columbia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile, Panama, Costa Rica, and Guatemala).
Launch of business in China, building and steering in-house sales structure
The company obtained approval of SP-01 (transdermal antiemetic drug) in China in July 2018. It then applied for approval of SP-03 (bio-adhesive oral liquid intended for alleviating pain associated with oral mucositis) in May 2016, which was approved in February 2019. Since 2015, the China National Drug Administration (CNDA) has taken steps to upgrade its evaluation and approval system with a view to quickly clearing applications that have long been awaiting approval.
Sancuso® (SP-01) was launched in China in March 2019 and episil® (SP-03) in July 2019. In-house sales of SP-01 and SP-03 in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou through the company’s Chinese subsidiary are primarily the responsibility of the following three individuals.
A wholly owned subsidiary Solasia Medical Information Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. is in charge of the company’s own marketing activities in China. In December 2018 the company established a base in Guangzhou to join those already set up in Beijing and Shanghai and has been running its own sales team comprised of 10 medical representatives (MRs) each in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, for a total of roughly 40 MRs.
In-licensed exclusive rights to SP-05 (arfolitixorin) from Isofol Medical AB in August 2020
On August 13, 2020, the company in-licensed exclusive rights to develop and commercialize an investigational new compound SP-05 (arfolitixorin) in Japan from Isofol Medical AB of Sweden. The target indication of SP-05 is to enhance the anti-tumor effect of fluorouracil, an existing anticancer drug used as standard therapy for various cancers including colorectal cancer. Clinical trials up to Phase II performed by Isofol suggest that arfolitixorin has the effect of enhancing the anti-tumor effect of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
SP-05 is a key active metabolite of the widely used folate-based drugs and can potentially benefit many patients with advanced colorectal cancer, because it does not require complicated metabolic activation to become effective. In addition to colorectal cancer, SP-05 can potentially be effective in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, and head and neck cancer.
In December 2018, licensor Isofol began global Phase III clinical trials (AGENT Study) in the US, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Japan. After in-licensing SP-05, the company has taken over clinical trials in Japan and is developing the product in partnership with Isofol.
The primary endpoint is overall response rate (ORR)*. An interim analysis will be performed on data of 330 patients, and the final target sample size will be set based on the results. In March 2021, the results of this interim analysis were announced. Base on the results, an independent data safety monitoring board (DSMB) recommended that the phase III clinical trial of SP-05 should continue with a target sample size of 440 patients.
In May 2021, patient enrollment was completed for the target figure, including 56 patients in Japan.
Efforts in drug discovery using RNA editing technology
In December 2019, the company entered a joint R&D agreement with EditForce Inc., a biotech company originating in Kyushu University. This is part of the company’s efforts to acquire new drug development candidates with a focus on oncology in the medium and long term, using EditForce’s RNA editing technology.
Acquired exclusive negotiating rights for a nucleic acid drug candidate for peritoneal metastases treatment
In July 2020, the company entered into an option agreement for exclusive negotiating rights with drug discovery start-up GeneCare Research Institute to in-license RECQL1-siRNA, a nucleic acid drug candidate, and related technologies, developed using a license from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ALNY). Solasia Pharma will decide whether to exercise its option depending on the progress of non-clinical studies.
Business
Business model
Biotech venture that conducts clinical development and commercialization in Asia by in-licensing new assets from US, Europe, and other regions
Solasia Pharma is a drug discovery venture established to in-license new drugs already developed in the West and propel their clinical development in Japan, China, and other parts of Asia.
Solasia Pharma’s origins go back to 2006, when the so-called drug lag* (when efficacious drugs were being sold in the West but were not yet approved for use in Japan) became a social issue in Japan. Itochu Corporation (TSE1: 8001) and MPM Capital—one of the largest US venture capital companies focused on healthcare—seeing this as a business opportunity, established Japan Bridge Inc. as a preparatory company in the US in December 2006. The company began operating in Japan in September 2007, and in April 2008, JapanBridge, Inc., was established as a Japanese entity. The original intent was to source new drugs from the West and develop and sell them in Japan. However, the company’s horizons were later extended beyond Japan to include the rapidly growing Chinese markets and other parts of Asia. The company’s name was changed to Sol“asia” Pharma to reflect this new focus on “Asia.”
Solasia Pharma’s basic management policy is to acquire the development and sales rights for new drug candidates that have undergone clinical development overseas, and have had efficacy confirmed to a certain degree based on their assumed mechanism of action, but have not yet been developed and commercialized in Japan and other parts of Asia. The drugs Solasia Pharma develops are in the area of cancer—where there is unmet demand for life-prolonging treatment—and rare diseases. The rare disease category is one that leading Japanese pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to address, due to their relatively low earning potential. To achieve its management philosophy of “Better Medicine for a Brighter Tomorrow” the company is working to quickly shore up its financial base and become self-sufficient.
The pharmaceutical value chain and Solasia Pharma’s role
Within the pharmaceutical value chain, Solasia Pharma’s strategy focuses on the process following clinical development. As it was not founded based on university or other research institutions, the company does not conduct basic research such as synthesizing new compounds expected to generate groundbreaking treatment outcomes. Due to limited funding, the company does not participate in the formulation of biotech products. Given the higher potential profits, the company would like to engage in sales and marketing activities in the future, but due to limited manpower and funding, the company has elected to forego these activities in Japan for the time being. Instead, Solasia Pharma intends to out-license sales rights to Japanese drug companies and receive royalties. That said, Solasia Pharma is planning to conduct its own sales activities in three major Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou). Despite the country’s large area, Solasia Pharma evaluated that patients requiring advanced medical treatment for cancer will be concentrated at the advanced medical institutions in these cities, resulting in efficient sales activities in the country with limited resources.
Limiting risk by focusing on clinical development
Given its limited human resources and funds, Solasia Pharma has chosen a business model that does not involve risky upstream basic research* or drug-manufacturing facilities. Company President Yoshihiro Arai has previous experience as head of clinical development at the Japanese arm of major pharmaceutical company Amgen. Personnel involved in development at large Japanese and international pharmaceutical companies are now key staff at Solasia Pharma. The company defines its functions as drafting appropriate clinical development plans, communicating with key opinion leaders (KOLs), steadily obtaining manufacturing and sales approval, and providing useful therapeutic medications in Asia.
The status of Solasia Pharma’s in-licensed new drug candidates at the time of in-licensing was as follows: SP-03 was already launched in the US and European markets; approval of SP-01 was pending in the US and Europe; and SP-02 and SP-04 were undergoing early or late Phase II clinical trials overseas, including in the US; and SP-05 (in-licensed from Isofol in August 2020) is undergoing Phase III trials in Japan as well as in the US and elsewhere.
Out of these five candidates, the company has already launched two, has filed approval applications for one candidate (as Phase II clinical trials [pivotal study] were completed), and has one candidate in ongoing Phase III study. Solasia Pharma is still at an early stage of establishment, but it is confident in its clinical development expertise and its ability to identify quality in-licensing opportunities
Note: Data is from members of the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association R&D committee that are capitalized in Japan. Figures indicate only products developed in-house, and additional dosage forms and indications are excluded. The transition rate refers to the ratio of compounds that transition to the next phase to all compounds
Development targets are focused on oncology
Solasia Pharma focuses on oncology. This is mainly for two reasons. First, despite cancer being the leading cause of mortality in Japan, with the number of cases trending upward, a full range of treatments is not available. Second, even in the case where there is a first-line treatment available, new drugs can secure a market presence if they can offer increased efficacy when used in combination therapy. Also, since anti-cancer drugs are segmented by types of cancer, in some areas few competing drugs exist. For its future development pipeline, Solasia Pharma says it will also consider in-licensing and developing drugs to treat rare diseases.
The following figure is based on the results of a questionnaire conducted by the Japan Health Sciences Foundation to determine drug discovery needs. Mainly targeting doctors of internal medicine at national hospitals, these surveys have been conducted roughly once every five years since 1994. The survey conducted in 2014 was the fifth such survey (158 valid responses). It looks at the correlation between physician satisfaction with current treatments and their degree of contribution.
Hypertension ranks above 90% on both axes (high levels of satisfaction and high levels of drug contribution). Heart diseases such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmia scored above 80% for both axes, as did allergic rhinitis. For malignant growths (cancer), pancreatic cancer ranked along with dementia for low levels of satisfaction with treatment (16.9%) and drug contribution (38.5%). For lung cancer, the score was not high for satisfaction (37.3%) but was relatively high for drug contribution (72.5%). Ten years ago, both scores were below 20%, and Shared Research believes this major improvement was due to the drug Iressa (July 2002, sold by AstraZeneca, generic name: gefitinib), which was approved in Japan earlier than in other parts of the world. Interstitial pneumonia emerged as a side effect following Iressa’s launch, and data from post-launch clinical trials indicated a high degree of success (limited to non-smoking women in East Asia). Satisfaction with drugs for other types of cancer has also increased, with positive evaluations on recently launched molecularly targeted drugs, particularly antibody drugs. However, because few physicians are satisfied with current drugs*, cancer was chosen as the leading disease category in which new treatment methods, drugs, and medical devices are desired.
Business structure and overview
The Solasia Pharma Group comprises two companies: Solasia Pharma and consolidated subsidiary Solasia Medical Information Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., established in December 2014. The group in-licenses the development and sales rights of new drug and medical device candidates (referred to collectively as new drug candidates), which it develops and monetizes.
Sourcing new drug candidates
Solasia Pharma identifies new drug candidates that have reached certain stages of development, and in-licenses the rights for development and sales in Japan and other parts of Asia. It chooses drug candidates that have already completed non-clinical trials, ranging from the point before clinical trials begin to the point in Phase II clinical trials when human efficacy is presumed and drug candidates that have obtained manufacturing and sales approval. As previously mentioned, SP-03 was in-licensed after it had already reached the market in the US and Europe.
Solasia Pharma explains that basic research and formulation research have become more complex and diverse in recent years, because many disease causes are being identified through gene analysis. Solasia Pharma believes that research activities are best taken on by universities (basic research), core hospitals (clinical research), and biotech ventures that have been established based on such research achievements, as well as large, internationally active pharmaceutical manufacturers. Solasia Pharma concentrates on in-licensing new drug candidates from research-focused biotech ventures and pharmaceutical companies that lack effective clinical development functions in Asia.
For the in-licensing process, expertise to select new drug candidates with the potential to successfully obtain approval is important. President Arai and Product Development Division Head Fumiko Nagahama have this strength. Shared Research believes that their previous careers and the company’s clinical development track record help push forward in-licensing negotiations with candidate drug developers. Koji Shinozaki, head of the Business Development Division and formerly of Itochu Corporation, was involved with the plan to establish Solasia Pharma. We believe he contributes to the company by gathering information about development candidates from biotech ventures, and that outside directors are also using their networks to help source new drug candidates. Furthermore, Solasia Pharma has advisory agreements in place with two knowledgeable doctors: Elizabeth Stoner, former senior vice president of clinical development operations at Merck, and Kazuto Nishio, professor at Kinki University School of Medicine.
Developing new drug candidates
A number of actions are necessary to move new drug candidates though clinical development as quickly as possible.
Solasia Pharma’s Product Development Division leads these activities for the clinical development of new drug candidates. The company uses Japanese and overseas contract research organizations (CROs) to handle labor-intensive tasks (administering and monitoring dosages). Preventing failures in progressing clinical trials as planned requires that data up to the previous trial stage be suitably evaluated. The selection of indications, recommendation of optimal dosages, and determination of end points also require accuracy. CROs generally operate under outsourcing contracts, but there is no formal information provision between the contractor and the CRO while operations are underway, nor does the contractor provide orders to be followed. Rather, CROs act like a contractor’s own development project team, with both sides exchanging information and opinions. Contractors and CROs work to agree on the essential elements of planning and conducting clinical trials, and work to conduct operations efficiently. For this reason, Solasia Pharma concentrates on hiring personnel who either have experience with the clinical development of anti-cancer agents and in global clinical trials (clinical trials conducted simultaneously in multiple countries) or who have the ability to communicate with regulatory authorities about the direction of the clinical trials.
Shared Research understands that President Arai and Product Development Division Head Nagahama have gained expertise in clinical development activities through numerous successes in their previous careers, and that they have strong connections with key opinion leaders (KOLs; influential physicians who actively publish papers and lead conferences), which can smooth the process of clinical trials.
Monetizing new drug candidates (out-licenses to pharmaceutical companies or sells through its own sales structure in China)
If Solasia Pharma succeeds in clinical development for a product and obtains sales and marketing approval, it has the choice of conducting sales and marketing itself or out-licensing the sales rights to another pharmaceutical company and earning up-front payments and tiered royalties. In the largest Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) Solasia Pharma plans to conduct its own sales. In Japan and other areas, it plans to out-license sales rights to pharmaceutical companies.
Selling independently in China
In preparation for sales in China’s three key cities, the company’s consolidated subsidiary, Solasia Medical Information Consulting (Shanghai), is establishing a sales structure composed of about 40 MRs, in total. The size of the Chinese market has surpassed that of the Japanese market and has grown to become the world’s second largest. To achieve major success in the Chinese market, the company believes its marketing activities need to extend beyond sales in the three major cities to building brand recognition throughout all of China. To achieve this, Solasia Pharma intends to conduct independent marketing activities across China, not just relying on Lee’s Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited (HKSE: 0950), its sales partner for the areas of China outside the three principal cities.
Solasia Pharma entered the Chinese market in December 2011 by setting up a representative office in Beijing and enlisting help from consultants. However, recognizing that controlling operations in China from its base in Japan would be problematic, in 2013 Solasia Pharma appointed Vivian Zhang as general manager for China. A licensed medical doctor, Ms. Zhang previously worked in China for Roche, a global leader in oncology products. Attracting executives of this caliber gave Solasia Pharma the knowledge of, and contacts in the Chinese oncology market, which contributed to building a marketing structure for the Chinese business.
Securing earnings in Japan and other regions
Outside Japan and China’s three principal cities, Solasia Pharma intends to out-license sales rights to pharmaceutical companies that have a track record of sales in the same disease categories as its candidate compounds. With this approach, Solasia Pharma receives lump-sum contract payments, milestone revenue (lump sum in line with development progress), and tiered royalties depending on revenue from sales partners’ drug sales and sales partners’ selling performance.
Solasia Pharma out-licensed sales rights for four of its five pipeline and launched products to partners including Meiji Seika Pharma, Maruho, and Lee’s Pharmaceutical. For future out-licensing, in addition to existing sales partners, Solasia Pharma will also consider partners through talks following results announcements at international conferences (the company has gained further attention through its IPO).
Lee’s Pharmaceutical group has more than 20 years of experience in the Chinese pharmaceutical market. The group sells 14 prescription drugs for cardiovascular and infectious disease as well as anti-cancer agents. The group has a development pipeline of more than 20 compounds, through its own R&D and by in-licensing from Western and Japanese pharmaceutical companies. In FY12/20, Lee’s had revenue of HKD1.2bn (-1.6% YoY), operating profit of HKD182mn (+48.2%), and profit of HKD167mn (+33.2%), with FY12/20-end total assets of HKD3.6bn (+21.1%) and shareholders’ equity of HKD2.5bn (+10.7%).
Aiming to secure a distribution network of its products in China, Solasia Pharma entered into a sales and distribution agreement with Itochu, its largest shareholder, in September 2017, and a business outsourcing agreement with Itochu in February 2020. Itochu Group is already developing drug distribution businesses with several Chinese companies:
In 2003, Itochu entered into a business collaboration agreement for drug distribution with Chongqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., a large drug wholesaler that also operates a chain of pharmacies.
In 2005, Itochu and Alfresa Holdings Corporation (TSE1: 2784) set up Remeje Pharmaceuticals (China) Co., Ltd., as a joint venture to provide Japanese pharmaceuticals and healthcare products within China.
In 2011, Itochu, Toho Holdings Co., Ltd. (TSE1: 8129), and Jointown Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (a Chinese wholesaler of pharmaceuticals and medical products) set up joint venture Hubei Kyoso Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The JV’s focus is on wholesaling pharmaceuticals, medical devices, health foods, and health appliances—mainly produced by Japanese and overseas manufacturers—to hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies in China.
In 2013, Itochu established a joint venture with Cocokara Fine Inc. (TSE1: 3098); Alfresa; and CDFY Pharmacy Chain Investment Co., Ltd., a pharmaceutical distribution subsidiary of Liaoning Chengda Co., Ltd., to operate a drugstore business in northeastern China.
In 2018, Itochu concluded a comprehensive business alliance agreement with Baheal Pharmaceutical Group (headquartered in Qingdao, China). Founded in 2005, Baheal Pharmaceutical Group is a conglomerate that undertakes advanced and innovative initiatives in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry in China.
In 2019, Itochu invested in a large private-sector general hospital in Beijing called Beijing Century Kounre Hospital with Suntop Healthcare Group, which started out in 2003 as a sole distributor of Japanese-made dialysis equipment in China and has become a dialysis solutions provider, and Hong Kong-based CITIC Group company CITIC Capital Holdings Limited.
Solasia Pharma thinks it can smoothly launch its own sales activities in China by leveraging Itochu Group’s presence, knowledge of the pharmaceutical business, and distribution networks in the country.
Product development pipeline
Product development pipeline
Solasia Pharma currently has five products in its pipeline. Sancuso® (development code SP-01) is a transdermal system for delivering a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist indicated for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Episil® oral liquid (SP-03) is a medical device intended for alleviating pain from oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. SP-02 (international generic name: darinaparsin) is a chemotherapy drug to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), a potential indication for which few drugs have been approved. In November 2017, the company announced the in-licensing of SP-04, an active ingredient potentially indicated for cancer chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). In August 2020, company announced the in-licensing of SP-05, whose target indication is to enhance the anti-tumor effect of fluorouracil.
SP-01 (transdermal drug delivering 5-HT3 receptor antagonists; brand name: Sancuso® in China, US, Europe, and other regions)
SP-01, branded Sancuso®, is intended for reducing nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, or CINV). As oral administration is challenging for patients with these symptoms, SP-01 is the world’s only extended-release transdermal patch that can be used for outpatient treatment. Sancuso® is prescribed as standard therapy in the US and China.
Indication: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting due to agents that are moderately or highly emetic
Patients may experience acute nausea and vomiting within 24 hours of chemotherapy, with delayed symptoms continuing after this time. Moderately emetic agents have 30–90% frequency of emesis, while highly emetic agents have more than 90% frequency.
A typical chemotherapy approach involves treatment cycles: anti-cancer drug administration followed by a period of rest (wash out period). Administration methods differ by type of cancer, whether it is initial or recurrent, whether it is pre- or post-operative, and by country. These approaches are summarized in treatment guidelines provided by supervising academic societies. Treatment varies from one-time to ongoing administration. Doctors may take antiemetic measures for patients who experience acute nausea and vomiting, but to treat prolonged side effects patients must return to the hospital. If symptoms worsen, therapy may be interrupted.
After obtaining approval for SP-01 as a drug to control nausea and vomiting resulting from chemotherapy, the company is looking to expand the indication of SP-01 to include the control of these side effects from cancer radiotherapy.
Current therapeutic methods and existing drugs: Injectable and oral drugs exist, but are inconvenient
The mechanism that prompts nausea and vomiting is thought to involve direct stimulation of a vomiting center in the brain or of the vagus nerve in the digestive tract. A number of substances stimulate the vomiting center, including a 5-HT3 receptor-binding substance (serotonin) and Substance P (activates NK1 receptors), which are in the main drugs currently in use.
Mechanism of action: Patch for the extended release of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
SP-01 is a patch (2.5 x 3 inches, 1 inch = 25.4mm) that can be affixed to the upper arm. SP-01 contains granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The patch is designed to continue releasing granisetron after being affixed to the skin, providing a steady concentration into the bloodstream for five to seven days. Attaching SP-01 onto the skin before chemotherapy prevents the need for patients to visit the hospital except when receiving chemotherapy. The company explains that SP-01, a patch, is a better solution than other drug delivery options, as oral administration may be difficult due to oral mucositis that may occur as a chemotherapy side effect, and in case of injections, patients need to visit the hospital to receive treatment.
In the US, a guideline by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), which establishes treatment guidelines, recommends prescribing SP-01. SP-01 is also recommended in cancer treatment guidelines in China, where the product was launched in March 2019. In June 2019 (three months after launch), the product was listed as a standard treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting [CINV] in the “Guidelines of prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by anti-tumor therapies” published for the first time by the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO), the largest and most prestigious medical society in the cancer field in China.
Development background and monetization method
SP-01 (Sancuso®) was developed by ProStrakan Group plc of the UK (then listed in London, now a subsidiary of Kyowa Hakko Kirin and named Kyowa Kirin International plc.). In September 2008, Sancuso® obtained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (Note, the company entered an in-licensing agreement for this drug in May 2008, shortly before the approval was granted.) In addition to the US, Sancuso® has been launched in Europe (including the UK, Germany, and Italy), the Middle East (including Kuwait, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia) and parts of Asia (including South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong).
Solasia Pharma signed an agreement to obtain exclusive development and sales rights from Sancuso® for Japan, China, and other parts of Asia in May 2008, before Sancuso® obtained its first approval from the FDA. The company then out-licensed development and sales rights in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other countries and territories to Kyowa Kirin. Solasia Pharma gave up its development and sales rights in Japan, recognizing it would be difficult to conduct clinical trials on the scale required after evaluating detailed development plans, given its financial condition at the time. The company decided to focus on development and sales in China instead.
In China, between 2013 and 2014, the Solasia Pharma Group conducted pharmacokinetic trials (Phase I clinical trials, which examine the body’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug) and double-blind randomized trials (Phase III clinical trials, in which therapeutic effects are evaluated in trials in which the doctor does not know whether the trial drug or a comparative drug is being administered). In June 2014, the company applied to China’s regulatory authorities for approval, and obtained approval in July 2018. In March 2019 the company launched Sancuso® as its first product in China.
The Solasia Pharma Group plans to sell SP-01 on its own in the three major Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou). Outside these cities, the group intends to out-license sales to Lee’s Pharmaceutical and receive product sales revenue. In China, the market for 5-HT3 receptor antagonists is worth more than JPY80bn (injections account for 95%, according to Solasia), and as the only transdermal option offering sustained efficacy, Sancuso® has the potential to ease the burden on patients, including hospital visits.
Kyowa Kirin Group has already obtained new drug approval in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other countries and territories, and launched the product in some countries and regions. Solasia Pharma is receiving milestone revenues and net product sales revenue.
Kyowa Kirin International generates annual revenue from Sancuso® of JPY2.9bn (in FY12/19, originator sales, rather than by market scale; revenue of Solasia Pharma not included). In Europe and the US, Kyowa Kirin International sells the drug itself or through sales partners.
Note: Not disclosed from FY2020 onward
SP-02 (anti-cancer agent with the new MOA of targeting mitochondria in cancer cells)
Solasia Pharma in-licensed SP-02 (international generic name: darinaparsin) from US biotech venture ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc. (Nasdaq: ZIOP). SP-02 is a low-molecular-weight compound (organoarsenic) that exhibits the novel mechanism of action (MOA) of directly targeting the mitochondria of cancer cells. Solasia Pharma in-licensed the compound’s development and sales rights in March 2011, after the results of overseas clinical trials indicated effectiveness with hematologic and solid cancers.
Expected indication: Refractory hematologic cancers, expect line-expansion
SP-02 is currently undergoing clinical development for the initial indication of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), a type of hematologic cancer. There are three main classes of hematologic cancer: malignant lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. In Japan, these three classes of hematologic cancers affect around 58,000 people each year, accounting for 7% of all instances of cancer. Malignant lymphoma is the largest of these, accounting for around 36,000 cases (in 2020, according to National Cancer Center Japan estimates). Although fewer people contract hematologic cancers compared to breast or prostate cancers, mortality rates are about the same. Cases of malignant lymphoma area also increasing.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a type of malignant lymphoma in which cancer cells invade the thymus, which produces lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) known as T-cells, which then spread to the peripheral organs. PTCL is a rare cancer with few patients (designated as a rare cancer and accounting for 10–15% of malignant lymphomas, according to the National Cancer Center Japan’s Center for Cancer Control and Information Services) whose post-treatment progress is less favorable than for B-cell lymphoma (in which lymphocytes known as B-cells become cancerous). The five-year survival rate for PTCL (rate of survival five years after diagnosis or start of treatment) is reportedly around 25%.
Current therapeutic methods and existing drugs: Few drugs exist, side effects strong
Numerous therapeutic medications exist for malignant lymphoma, but until March 2017, no drugs had indications for PTCL. Treatment guidelines in the US, Europe, and Japan recommended a multidrug combination chemotherapy regimen including CHOP* (using anti-cancer agents cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin, and the adrenal cortex hormone prednisone) and other combination therapies as initial therapy for first-time PTCL. However, for secondary therapy for relapsed or refractory PTCL, guidelines list clinical trials along with administration of Difolta and Istodax.
Drugs indicated for treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma were not available in Japan until 2017, when the following four drugs were approved. These three drugs have already been approved in the US (Beleodaq [generic name: belinostat], instead of Mundesine), but have yet to be approved in Europe. Each has side effects.
DIFOLTA (Generic name: pralatrexate, but sold as FOLOTYN in US, approved by the FDA in September 2009. Sold by NASDAQ-listed Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and developed by subsidiary Allos Therapeutics, Inc. Outside North America, developed by Mundipharma International Corporation Limited. Intravenous injection.) DNA synthesis occurs as cancer cells proliferate; this therapeutic medication stops this activity by inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid (inhibiting folate metabolism), one of the materials required for DNA synthesis. The main side effects are oral mucositis (incidence rate of 66.7%), thrombocytopenia (39.6%), anemia (32.4%), and neutropenia (24.3%).
ISTODAX (Generic name: romidepsin, injection, sold by NASDAQ-listed biotech venture Celgene Corporation, developed by subsidiary Gloucester Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) An anti-cancer agent that works by inhibiting target molecules of histone deacetylase (HDAC), suppressing the proliferation of cancer cells that possess abnormal genetic information (epigenome*). The main side effects are thrombocytopenia (incidence rate of 97.9%), lymphopenia (83.3%), leukopenia (81.3%), and neutropenia (81.3%).
Mundesine (Generic name: forodesine, in-licensed by Mundipharma K.K., Mundipharma’s Japanese entity, from BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc. of the US. Approved first in Japan for oral dosage in March 2017). As the number of trial cases in Japan was extremely low, outcome surveys for all cases had to be submitted as a condition for approval. The mechanism of action is to inhibit purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), leading to cancer cell apoptosis (cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms to maintain the organism in good condition). The main side effects are lymphopenia (incidence rate of 97.9%), leukopenia (60.4%), anemia (35.4%), and neutropenia (33.3%).
Remitoro (generic name: denileukin diftitox, injection, approved in March 2021, marketed by Eisai Co., Ltd.). As the number of trial cases in Japan was extremely low, outcome surveys for all cases will be conducted as a condition for approval. The mechanism of action is that denileukin diftitox binds to the IL-2 receptor expressed on the cell membrane of tumor cells, and after being taken up into the cells, the DT is cleaved, and the released DT (enzyme active site) inhibits protein synthesis, thereby suppressing tumor growth. Major side effects include increased AST (incidence 89.2%), increased ALT (86.5%), lymphopenia (70.3%), and hypoalbuminemia (62.2%).
At an international conference in Switzerland on malignant lymphoma held in June 2017, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals reported positive results: a 71% response rate for PTCL in small-scale clinical trials using the drug in combination with FOLOTYN and ISTODAX.
Mechanism of action: Treating cancer on multiple fronts, such as attacking mitochondria within cancer cells
SP-02 (darinaparsin) is an organoarsenic (a low-molecular-weight arsenic compound containing carbon). An arsenic trioxide formulation of an inorganic arsenic compound (launched in December 2004 by Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. [TSE1: 4516] as Trisenox, in-licensed from Cell Therapeutics, Inc. of the US) has as its indication recurrent and refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, the drug has serious adverse effects, including prolonged electrocardiogram QT, arrhythmia, hepatic dysfunction, and leucopenia. Solasia Pharma explains that SP-02 has the same structure as the intermediate metabolites, creating the expectation that it will be much safer than inorganic arsenic compounds, expanding its therapeutic range.
SP-02 is a low-molecular-weight compound that is thought to have new mechanisms of action (MOA), as follows.
Directly damage the mitochondria (energy-producing organelles) that produce energy in cancer cells
Damage cancer cells by increasing their reactive oxygen species, or ROS (believed to damage cellular DNA)
Lead to cancer cell apoptosis by introducing caspases (a type of proteolytic enzyme that helps transmit information that leads to cell apoptosis). In addition to indirectly inducing cell apoptosis by damaging the mitochondria of cancer cells, it is also supposed to directly induce apoptosis by binding with death receptors (receptors of neurotransmitters that activate caspases) present on the surface of cancer cells
Whereas current drugs are highly likely to cause side effects, such as bone marrow suppression and oral mucositis, the side effects associated with SP-02 in clinical trials to date have been relatively minor. As such, Solasia Pharma believes that SP-02 might be able to take market share as an alternative to existing drugs or for use in combination therapies.
Development background and monetization method
ZIOPHARM Oncology, the licensor of SP-02 (darinaparsin) has closed Phase II clinical trials in the US and India for SP-02 as an injection targeting malignant lymphomas, including PTCL. In March 2011, Solasia Pharma signed a collaboration agreement on development and sales in the Asia Pacific region (lump-sum contract payment of USD5mn). When ZIOPHARM Oncology later revised its development pipeline to concentrate on projects other than low-molecular-weight compounds, Solasia Pharma’s exclusive development and sales rights were expanded to cover regions all over the world, including the US.
In 2015, Solasia Pharma closed a Phase I clinical trial on 23 PTCL patients. Out of 14 valid cases, four were successful (complete response or partial response) and six were stable (with tumor reduction in five cases).
Solasia Pharma is moving forward with global clinical trials (Phase II) in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The company published the study results in June 2020. The company is getting ready to file for approval as the trial met the primary endpoint (antitumor efficacy, best overall response) and there were no safety concerns. Moving forward, the company plans to initiate a clinical trial in China (Phase II/III).
In Japan, Solasia Pharma’s policy is to monetize SP-02 through out-licensing sales, and in January 2015 it entered an exclusive out-licensing agreement for development and marketing with Meiji Seika Pharma. In August 2018, the company entered into an exclusive out-licensing agreement with HB Human BioSciences SAS (headquartered in Bogota, Colombia) regarding the use of marketing and other rights in Latin America (Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile, Panama, Costa Rica, and Guatemala). In other regions (the US, Europe, China, and South Korea), the company plans to monetize the compound by out-licensing sales to different pharmaceutical companies in each region. However, Shared Research believes that Solasia Pharma plans to retain sales rights for China’s three principal cities (selling on its own), similar to its other assets.
SP-03 (medical device for alleviating pain associated with oral mucositis resulting from cancer treatment among other causes; brand name: episil® oral liquid in Japan and China)
Solasia Pharma in-licensed SP-03 (brand name: episil® oral liquid) from Swedish biotech venture Camurus AB (Stockholm Stock Exchange: CAMX). SP-03 is a bio-adhesive oral liquid (developed as a medical device, not a drug) intended for the treatment of pain associated with oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Indication for use: management of, and relief (through physical action) from pain associated with oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy
As a side effect of cancer treatment among other causes, oral mucositis occurs as a direct result of chemotherapy or as a result of bacterial infection when the body’s resistance is low due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. According to the overseas marketing website for episil® (https://www.episil.net/), oral mucositis occurs in 30–75% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and nearly all patients being treated for head and neck cancers (undergoing combination therapy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Symptoms of oral mucositis include pain from contact, bleeding, enlargement of the oral mucous membranes, and difficulty in swallowing. In some cases, sufferers also have difficulty speaking.
Current therapeutic methods and existing drugs: No established therapeutic method
There is currently no standard therapy for oral mucositis that occurs as a result of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy approved in Japan. Currently, to prevent secondary infections and keep symptoms from worsening, gargling (with mouthwashes containing azulen sodium sulfonate hydrate) is recommended. For moderate to severe mucositis, topical anesthetic or anti-inflammatory analgesic is administered. Other alternatives include collagen angiogenesis or irradiation with low-output lasers to improve blood flow and promote blood vessel angiogenesis.
Mechanism of action: relieve pain of oral mucositis by forming a bio-adhesive gel inside the oral cavity
SP-03 (episil® oral liquid) is a non-absorbent oral liquid comprising soy lecithin (a major constituent of biological membranes extracted from soybeans), fatty acid ester (a food emulsifying agent), and ethanol. When administered in drop form, it forms a bio-adhesive lipid barrier on the oral mucositis, forming a physical barrier on inflamed areas and alleviating oral pain when speaking and eating. SP-03 is quick-acting; one to three drops form a coating gel in several minutes. Clinical trials of SP-03 have demonstrated that effects last for up to eight hours. As it contains no medicinal ingredients and thus is not categorized as a drug, the occurrence of side effects is recognized as low. The product is developed on the basis of Camurus’ patented FluidCrystal® technology.
Development background and monetization method
When Solasia Pharma in-licensed SP-03 (episil® oral liquid), it was already being sold in Europe and the US (approval has been steadily obtained in various countries since 2009). Being a medical device that has little effect on the human body, episil® has following designations in each region and country based on pharmaceutical regulations: in Europe, as a class 1 medical device, in the same class as scalpels and tweezers; in the US as a 510(k) generic medical device that does not require clinical trials; and in Japan, as a controlled medical device (class II). Solasia Pharma in-licensed SP-03 in March 2015 and continued development based on Camurus’s clinical trial data. The company applied for manufacturing and sales approval in China in May 2016 and in Japan in October 2016. It obtained approval for SP-03 in Japan in July 2017. SP-03 was listed on the NHI reimbursement price list in April 2018 and launched in May the same year. It obtained approval in China in February 2019, and was launched in July of the same year. Further, in August 2018, the company concluded an exclusive in-licensing agreement regarding the use of development and marketing rights of the drug in South Korea, and obtained approval in October. In September 2020, the product was launched in South Korea.
Solasia Pharma has out-licensed commercialization rights for SP-03 in Japan to Meiji Seika Pharma in November 2016, and expects to book revenue and receive tiered royalties from supplying the product. In China, the company plans to sell SP-03 independently in three principal cities. For other areas in China, it has out-licensed sales rights to Lee’s Pharmaceutical, for which it expects to earn revenues. In South Korea, the company plans to earn revenues by out-licensing SP-03 to Synex.
SP-04 (drug potentially indicated for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, brand name: PledOx®)
SP-04 (brand name: PledOx®), a drug candidate in-licensed from the Swedish bio-venture Egetis Therapeutics AB (formerly PledPharma AB, Stockholm Stock Exchange: EGTX), has been under development for an expected indication of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Expected indication: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)
Among treatments for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), FOLFOX is a representative combination of anti-cancer drugs for chemotherapy (to treat advanced and recurrent CRC, for which surgery is difficult to be conducted) and adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. In FOLFOX, which includes oxaliplatin, a platinum-containing drug, most cases (85–95%) with prescribed oxaliplatin cause peripheral neuropathy including the following symptoms.
Acute symptoms: dysesthesia in hands, feet, parts around lips, and others, and tightness of the pharynx and larynx accompanied by difficult breathing and dysphagia
Chronic symptoms: numbness, hypoesthesia, decrease in tendon reflexes, and sensory ataxia in peripheral limbs
There have been significant cases of peripheral neuropathy by using major drugs in cancer chemotherapy, such as plant alkaloid and platinum-containing drugs. In cases where these side effects occur, suspension of the administration of the drugs is in 80% of the cases the side effects partially recover by halting treatment, and in 40% of the cases lead to full recovery in six to eight months.
Current treatment and existing drug: There is no pharmaceutical with an indication for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)
There is no approved pharmaceutical with an indication for CIPN with various symptoms, and drugs for neuropathic pains, such as Pregabalin, are being used in practice. Therefore, suspension of the prescription of oxaliplatin may be required for improvement or recovery from CIPN. However, the suspension may cause the interruption of cancer chemotherapy or changes in the treatment policies, and is a critical issue in medical treatments.
General peripheral neuropathy is believed to be caused by deformed myelin sheaths and axonal degeneration as illustrated below, but the cause for CIPN is yet to be discovered.
Mechanism of action: decomposition and removal of active oxygen that damages nerve cells
SP-04 (calmangafodipir, brand name: PledOx®) is a mimetic of a superoxide dismutase (SOD, an enzyme that decomposes active oxygen expressed in cells) containing manganese and is a strong iron chelator. The drug was created by a structural modification of Mangafodipir, an MRI contrast agent with anti-oxidative stress effects, for which sales was approved in the US and Europe but discontinued due to business reasons. The modification enabled the agent to accumulate manganese effectively and show higher effects and a higher grade of safety. Egetis has obtained an international composition of matter patent for calmangafodipir.